ASTM E2278-04

ASTM E2278-04 - 1.5.2004

1. Scope

1.1 This guide covers the beneficial use of coal combustion products (CCPs) for abatement of acid mine drainage and revegetation for surface mine reclamation applications related to area mining, contour mining, and mountaintop removal mining. It does not apply to underground mine reclamation applications. There are many important differences in physical and chemical characteristics that exist among the various types of CCPs available for use in mine reclamation. CCPs proposed for each project must be investigated thoroughly to design CCP placement activities to meet the project objectives. This guide provides procedures for consideration of engineering, economic, and environmental factors in the development of such applications.

1.2 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a component of a pollution prevention program; Guide E 1609 describes pollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization of CCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, and energy.

1.3 This guide applies to CCPs produced primarily from the combustion of coal.

1.4 The testing, engineering, and construction practices for using CCPs in mine reclamation are similar to generally accepted practices for using other materials, including cement and soils, in mine reclamation.

1.5 Regulations governing the use of CCPs vary by state. The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine and comply with applicable regulations.

1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.

1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents

D1452-09	Standard Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger Borings
EPA Method	Monofill Waste Extraction Procedure (MWEP)()
	Synthetic Ground Water Leaching Procedure (SGLP)()
	Long-Term Leaching Procedure (LTL)()
D1557-12(2021)	Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3))
D1586-11	Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
D1883-21	Standard Test Method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils
D2166-06	Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil
D2216-19	Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2435-04	Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
D3080-04	Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions
D3550-01	Standard Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of Soils
D3877-08	Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion, Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime Mixtures (Withdrawn 2017)
D3987-12(2020)	Standard Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
D4253-16	Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
D4254-16	Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density (Withdrawn 2025)
D4448-01(2019)	Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
D4767-11(2020)	Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test for Cohesive Soils
D4972-19(2024)e1	Standard Test Methods for pH of Soils (Includes all amendments and changes 8/1/2024).
D5084-24	Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
D5092-04	Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
D5239-12	Standard Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization
D5759-12(2020)	Standard Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash and Clean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential Uses
D5851-95(2021)	Standard Guide for Planning and Implementing a Water Monitoring Program
D1195-93(1997)	Standard Test Method for Repetitive Static Plate Load Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pavements
E1527-21	Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process
E1609-01	Standard Guide for Development and Implementation of a Pollution Prevention Program (Withdrawn 2010)
E2201-13(2020)	Standard Terminology for Coal Combustion Products
EPA Method 1312	Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP)() The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
EPA Method 1320	Multiple Extraction Procedure (MEP)()
C400-19(2024)e2	Standard Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Neutralization of Waste Acid (Includes all amendments and changes 8/7/2024).
D75-03	Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates
D420-18	Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes
D422-63(1998)	Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
C188-26	Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Hydraulic Cement
D653-26	Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
C311-11	Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
D698-12(2021)	Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3))
D854-23	Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by the Water Displacement Method