The procedures outlined here are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic document examination. By following these procedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reach an opinion concerning whether two or more documents produced with toner technology are from the same device, whether a particular device created the document, or the determination of the make or model of a device.

1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used by forensic document examiners (Guide E 444) for examinations of documents produced with toner technology, and related procedures.

1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examination is of questioned and known item(s) or of exclusively questioned item(s).

1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency of the material available for examination.

1.4 The particular methods used in a given case will depend upon the nature and sufficiency of the material available for examination.

1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual or uncommon examinations.

1.6 These methods are applicable to examinations involving photocopiers, printers, facsimile devices, and multifunction devices using toner technology.

This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.